Smoking Cessation a Prevention of Disease †Graduate Research Paper

Smoking Cessation a Prevention of Disease – Graduate Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Smoking Cessation a Prevention of Disease Graduate Research Paper Abstract This review of literature addresses the problem of smoking in America. The guidelines present comprehensive plans to help the clinician assist and direct their clients with this habitual problem. The review of literature reflects this monumental effect tobacco smoking has on everyone. The cost of treating tobacco related illness is staggering. Prevention of tobacco consumption as shown in the literature starts with educating our children and providing programs that make our children aware of the risks at an early age. Identification of the client with a smoking addiction is the first step the clinician must take. Counseling, providing educational materials, and offering pharmocotherapy are also necessary interventions on the practitioner’s level. Community awareness and dedicated involvement is essential to be successful on a meaningful scale. Our community budgets need to include money to spend on prevention and treatment programs as well as managed care incentives and insurance reimbursement to hospitals and clinicians that practice smoking cessation and prevention. Tobacco smoking is a huge problem and this paper identifies solutions and facts to support the need for cessation. Tobacco is the single greatest cause of disease and premature death in America today and is responsible for more than 430,000 deaths each year. Americans spend an estimated $50 billion annually on direct medical care from smoking related disability and illness. Nearly 25 percent of adult Americans currently smoke, and 3,000 children and adolescents become regular users every day (U.S. Public Health, 2000). Because tobacco dependence is a chronic condition it often requires repeated intervention. Research shows that delivering treatment to tobacco users is cost effective. It is essential that clinicians and health care delivery systems offer treatments available and document their effect (American College, 2000). In 1998, The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion set The Healthy People 2010 prevalence goal for a 13% reduction with a smoking prevalence at nearly 24% in 1997 the nation will likely fall short of this goal (Mendez Warner, 2000). The authors go on to say â€Å"for adults older than 50 years, this would require that the annual cessation rate, currently 5.96%, increase to over 21%† (Mendez Warner, 2000). The purpose of this review of literature is to obtain the best practice for helping people stop smoking and to determine how serious the problem really is related to cost and determent to our nation’s health. As clinicians we will be attempting to determine our patient’s risk factors and giving them the opportunity and treatment to prevent illness. I would like to have the best understanding about what actually works according to research and the current guidelines available. The evidenced based guidelines are very helpful and give very useful information to the clinician. The first guidelines I found are addressed not only to the practitioner but also to the health care administrator, insurers, managed care organizations and purchasers. The guidelines proposed by the U.S. Public Health Service call for a systems approach. Six strategies are recommended for treating tobacco use and dependence. They are as follows: Every clinic should implement a tobacco-user identification system. All health care systems should provide education, resources, and feedback to promote provider intervention. Clinical sites should dedicate staff to provide tobacco dependence treatment and assess the delivery of this treatment in staff performance evaluations. Hospitals should promote policies that support and provide tobacco dependence services. Insurers and managed care organizations should include tobacco dependence treatments (both counseling and pharmacotherapy) as paid or covered services for all subscribers or members of health insurance packages. Insurers and managed care organizations should reimburse clinicians and specialists for delivery of effective tobacco dependence treatments and include these interventions among the defined duties of clinicians. The guidelines take each strategy and give detailed explanations and examples of how to implement them. This guideline uses The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The National Cancer Institute for their evidence base. The next guideline is endorsed by the American College of Cardiology and is meant to be a clinical practice guideline for clinicians. These guidelines were developed by the committee of Tobacco Use and Dependence Guideline Panel and consists of 17 members fifteen MDs and two RNs. These guidelines have major recommendations which include screening for tobacco use, treatment structure and advice to quit smoking, treatment elements including counseling, behavioral therapies and pharmacotherapy, special populations which include gender, pregnancy, children and adolescents, and the last recommendation takes into account special topics such as weight gain and clinician training. Each recommendation is elaborated and detailed with specific examples of each. Both of the guidelines are very helpful and give systematic approaches that will be very beneficial to the clinician and the patient. Research article #1 Neil-Urban, S., Lasala, K., Todd, S. J. (2002). Community collaboration: using nursing students in a smoking cessation program for pregnant women. Journal of Nursing Education, 41, 76-79. The authors identified the following problems. Smoking results in the unnecessary premature deaths of more than 200,000 American women annually. It has been established that approximately 25% of pregnant women smoke throughout their pregnancy. Many studies demonstrate that smoking cessation during pregnancy or during the first trimester will result in improved pregnancy outcomes and statistically normal birth weights. The purpose as stated is to provide community-based education, emphasizing health promotion and disease reduction, in which collaborative partnerships with agencies in the community are developed and maintained. The hypotheses presented in this study focuses on the fact that less than 40% of clinicians routinely advise their patients to stop smoking. Citing lack of training, lack of time, sense of apathy and powerlessness to change client’s behavior, lack of funds for materials to offer clients and lack of awareness of the expert panel reports and recommendations for prenatal care. In addition reasons pregnant women offer for not participating in smoking cessation are inconvenience of group classes, lack of available child -care, lack of support, and too much going on in their lives. Most of these obstacles could potentially be solved, by using nursing students to implement such programs in the homes of the pregnant clients. The literature review included 28 references. Some were older than 5 years especially related to birth weight in smoking mothers and counseling of pregnant mothers. The theory used was the health belief model and personal health behavior presented by M.H. Becker originally in 1974 and is referenced. The authors also utilized the Agency of Health Care Policy and Research Guidelines for Smoking Cessation. The Pregnant Women’s guide to Quit Smoking handbook was utilized as a self -help program for the mothers. This quantitative study is really a pilot study due to the size of the sample, with only 22 women participating in the study. This pilot study is descriptive and is the basis for further quantitative research. Variables identified were social and environmental factors that mitigated against the success in quitting smoking, barriers produced by the community agency and the student collaboration, the lack of enthusiasm from the director and shyness on the part of the students. These variables are all conceptual demonstrated by the behavior of the students, clients and clinic. The authors obtained permission to conduct this research project by the Human Subjects Review Committees at both the pregnancy clinic and the university. All clients reviewed and signed a consent form as stated in the study. This study of 22 women although a small sample demonstrated an 18% quit rate at the 6 month follow-up and more than 40% reported a reduced amount they smoked, these rates compared favorably to other studies. This study is an important application to practice proving that elimination of some of the barriers to smoking cessation and providing a self -help program with follow-up and implementation from nursing students, can result in positive outcomes. Research article #2 Secker-Walker, R. H., Flynn, B. S., Solomon, L. (2000). Helping women quit smoking: results of a community intervention program. American Journal of Public Health 90, 940-946. The problems as identified by the next research project are as follows: In the mid-1980s, the decline in smoking prevalence among women was lagging behind men. Lack of research on strategies to accomplish large-scale smoking cessation for women. The need for social support while quitting. The need for coping with negative affect in the absence of smoking. Concerns about weight gain. The purpose and goal of the project was to reduce the prevalence of smoking among women age 18 to 64 years, with special emphasis on the lower income women of childbearing age. Other objectives as stated: Increase motivation and intention to quit smoking and confidence in staying quit despite weight gain and negative affect. Increase awareness of, access to, and use of cessation activities or support for staying quit. Strengthen perceived norms and available support to help women quit smoking. The review of literature consisted of some 40 references. All of the references except 2 were older than 5 years, however the baseline study was conducted from October 1989 to June 1990 and the 5 year follow-up survey was conducted in 1994. The researchers looked at many other smoking cessation programs including community intervention programs and analysis and assessment of outcome material. As stated by the authors, the study used the social cognitive theory, the transtheoretical model of behavior change, diffusion of innovation theory and communications theory. They used the PRECEDE framework of predisposing factors, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors involved in behavior change to integrate the overall objectives of the intervention program. The variables identified in this study were the nonrandomized design, the inclusion of only 2 counties in each condition, and the lack of prior measures of in these counties to assess earlier secular trends. The rural nature and lack of ethnic diversity in the population limit the generalizability of the results these were all conceptual definitions. The operational definitions related to the interventions used to increase awareness, the strategies used to increase motivation and the support provided to help the women quit smoking. This quantitative study is a quasi-experimental design examining the effects of the interventions on the two rural counties with sample sizes of just over 6,000 each. Because the study took place over 5 years, enthusiasm was the greatest in the first two years. Each annual plan included specific measurable objectives for each group to be accomplished during the next 12 months. The last 2 annual plans included strategies to institutionalize the Breath Easy programs. This plan even with change of personnel minimized the variables. The project did not list any of the ethical issues related to consent or approval boards. This study with a smoking prevalence reduction of 7.8% at five years in the county that received the treatment is a very positive outcome and is significant to the advanced practitioner. The problem of smoking cessation involves the entire community and this study tested a long- term plan that achieved a good effect. Research article #3 Zhang, X., Miller, L., Max, W. (1999). Cost of smoking to the Medicare program, 1993. Health Care Financing Review, 20, 179-196. The problems tackled in this paper are related to the following issues: Interest in smoking related costs has never been higher. Other research has examined the cost borne by Medicaid only. Medicare covers the medical expenses of 34 million Americans age 65 or over and 5.5 million persons with disabilities. 16 percent of Medicare enrollees in 1994 reported themselves as current smokers and 44 percent as former smokers. The purpose and objective of this study is to present each state’s estimate of Medicare expenditures attributed to smoking for the Medicare population, including those with disabilities. The review of literature consisted of 21 references half of which are older then 5 years. Many as you can imagine are related to the statistics and sample bias. The others are related to disability and the economic cost of smoking. No theory was identified in this study. The variables were many due to the huge sample. The authors have one large table identifying the many variables that come into play when attempting to do the statistics of this size population. Several variables identified included sample bias related to the likelihood that people who were more concerned about their health issues were more likely to participate in the supplemental survey and were likely to have a higher demand for medical services. Participants who were sicker and needed medical services were less likely to participate. Other variables listed were sociodemographic, economic and other risk factors. These are all considered operational definition and can be measured and manipulated. This quantitative study is correlational and examines linear relationships between the different variables. The study addresses the issue of sample bias and control of the variables by using the standard Heckman-Lee adjustments and the inverse Mill’s ratio. There was no mention of consent or approval for this study. This study is important to advanced practitioners especially related to our population being Medicare age here in Florida. If we can spend our health care monies on prevention rather than smoking related illness we will save as this study determined in 1993. The total Medicare smoking attributed expenditures in the United States amounted to $14.2 billion. Of this total $10.8 billion was for hospital care, $2.4 billion for ambulatory care, $488 million for nursing home care and $473 million on home health care services. As this study points out we are paying a lot for a habit that could be prevented. Research article #4 Daughton, D., Fortmann, S. P., Golver, E. D., Hatsukami, D>, Heatley, S., Lichtenstein. E., Repsher, L., Millatmal, T., Killen, J.D., Nowak, R., Ullrich, F., Kashinath, P. D., Rennard, S. I. (1998). The smoking cessation efficacy of varying doses of nicotine patch delivery systems 4 to 5 years post-quit day. Preventive Medicine, 28,113-118. The research problems and issues addressed in this study are as follows: Cigarette smoking is the major preventable risk factor for excess morbidity and mortality in the developed world. While transdermal nicotine delivery has been found to aid in cessation efforts, the long term efficacy has been largely assessed at 6 months and 1 -year post quit. Little is known about the long- term benefits of various doses of nicotine patch therapy over several years. The purpose and objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term smoking cessation efficacy of varying doses of the transdermal nicotine delivery system 4 to 5 years post -quit day. There were 14 references used in this study. Most all of the sources are older then 5 years but the study was done in 1998 so the references were within the 5 year frame of the study. The literature involved previous studies of the nicotine patch and three related to weight gain. No theory or framework was discussed. The variables were described as demographic such as age and sex and smoking variables which were assessed by logistic regression . Self- rated motivation to quit was not related to long-term continuous abstinence. This is a quantitative study is descriptive and quasi-experimental. The researchers examined the cause and effect of the nicotine patch 5 years out and explored a real life situation. The study was first approved by the University of Nebraska Medical Center Institutional Review Board. The participants who were enrolled in this study were long-term abstinence patients from the transdermal nicotine study group investigation and all signed an informed consent. This study concludes that the 21 mg. patch resulted in significantly higher long-term continuous abstinence rate compared to lower dose patches and placebo. This is an option the advanced practitioner has to offer her patients to help them with smoking cessation and the research shows it is an effective alternative. Research article #5 Schonfeld, D.J., Bases, H., Quakenbush, M. (2001). Pilot-testing a cancer education curriculum for grades K-6. The Journal of School Health, 71,61-65. The problems researched in this study are as follows: Nearly 1 in 3 Americans will develop cancer and is a leading cause of death in both adults and children. Cigarette smoking alone causes more deaths in the U. S. than does AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, homicides, illegal drugs, suicides, and fires combined. Risk factors learned and established in childhood and adolescence, such as tobacco use, eating habits, and sunning contribute to most cancers that appear later in adulthood. Most smokers begin to experiment with tobacco between 10 and 14 years of age. The purpose and hypotheses of this pilot study relates to the fact that to intervene with young children to help establish health-promoting behavior prior to adolescence will reduce the adult cancer risk. Cancer prevention education and the importance in elementary grades to discourage the adoption of tobacco use is an important link to adult cancer risk. The review of literature involved the use of 18 references, half were older than 5 years. The literature relates to cancer prevention for children and adolescents. The researchers used cognitive development, social cognitive and social influence theory to develop a seven-unit cancer prevention curriculum. The variable was the children’s conceptual understanding about cancer. This is a conceptual definition and the authors used a two -tailed T test to control and measure the results of the conceptual understanding employing a pre test and a post-test after the 15 hours of instruction In this quantitative study and due to the small sample size of 88 students, it was decided to apply the treatment to the entire group. The variable was then measured with a pre test and post-test. This would be considered a descriptive and correlational study that will generate new knowledge about smoking cessation and measures the conceptual variable before and after treatment. The researchers minimized the threats to validity by utilizing the ASK interview which was individually administered, standardized, and semi structured and measured both factual and conceptual knowledge about cancer.There was a written informed parental consent and child’s assent used for interviewing the children. This study is important for the clinician’s understanding that cancer prevention starts at the elementary school level. By increasing the children’s conceptual understanding and factual knowledge of cancer, America stands a chance in improving the strategic role in the prevention of smoking. In conclusion, this review of literature presented facts and solutions to support the need for more definitive action toward the problem of smoking cessation. Americans spend huge sums of money treating smoking related illness and not enough is done on prevention starting at the elementary school levels. Clinicians need to identify and address the problem with each of their patients that smoke and make available treatment options that are successful. Lastly our communities, HMOs, and hospitals need to make a pro-active statement related to smoking cessation to support and develop programs that meet the goals of Healthy People 2010. Smoking is the most preventable deterrent to American’s health today and as presented in this review of litertature , we have ways to prevent it’s devastation. 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Before You Buy a Chemistry Textbook

Before You Buy a Chemistry Textbook Youve gotten the list of textbooks for your course. Before you sell your soul to the bookstore, find out which texts you really need and which ones to skip. Ask yourself these important questions: Will you keep the book? Thumb through the book and ask yourself whether or not you think the book will serve as a handy reference after the course is concluded. If yes, buy it, preferably new. If not, keep reading... Does the course actually use the text? Words to the wise: A book might be listed as required, but that doesnt necessarily mean you have to buy it! Some required texts really dont get used (ask upperclassmen) or can be borrowed. If you dont plan on keeping the book after the class, consider buying a used copy. When in doubt, wait until the first day of class to make a decision. Is this a lab book? Laboratory workbooks need to be purchased and they need to be new. Dont try to sneak in a used laboratory book. Your instructor will not be amused. Is the text available used? Really popular texts are usually available in used form. However, the text is probably popular because it is useful! If you need a book and will use it after the course ends, buy it new. If you are strapped for cash or the usefulness of the book is questionable, buy it used. Will the book help you? Sometimes a book is recommended, but not required. This is true for many study guides. Ask yourself whether or not you will benefit from using the book. Can the book be borrowed? Is it useful enough to buy, new or used? When in doubt, talk with your instructor. Can I afford it? Although this is a good question to raise regarding buying books, it is NOT a question to ask when deciding whether or not to obtain a book. The difference? Buying a book involves money. Obtaining a book might involve money, but it also could include borrowing from a student or professor. I dont recommend sharing important books. If you need a book, then get it!

Survey Research and Sampling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Survey Research and Sampling - Assignment Example This method of research is an important measurement area applied in social research within fields such as psychology, sociology, politics and market research (Creswell 2002, p.57). The approach often adopts interviews or questionnaire administration as the data collection modes. The survey method was introduced in the 1930s by a popular sociologist known as Paul Lazarsfeld (Sarah 2012b). Surveys are commonly classified according to instrumentation (questionnaires or interviews) and according to the time-frame of the study (longitudinal or cross-sectional) (Marczyk, DeMatteo&Festinger, 2010, p. 27). Surveys find wide application, but they are best suited for gathering information currently not available from other sources (Sarah 2012c). They therefore, could act as precursors to further and specific research in a quantitative, experimental approach. Surveys conducted in qualitative perspective can lay ground for the development of clearly defined and deeper studies in a quantitative a pproach (Sarah 2012c). This happens after research questions and variables get clearly defined in the preliminary qualitative surveys. Surveys are also important research instruments whose application is favored by various advantages that are inherent to the approach. For example, surveys offer a low cost approach to conducting efficient studies, especially when questionnaires are used. Unlike other approaches to research, surveys could also be tailored to take less time, and therefore, enhancing time efficiency and cost effectiveness (Sarah 2012a). Apart from cost and time effectiveness, surveys also provide high levels of representativeness (Sarah 2012a). This is important in enhancing validity of inferences made and generalization of findings to wider populations. Surveys are also important because they offer convenience in data collection, which could adopt various models such as interviews (face-to-face or telephone) and questionnaires (via mail, e-mail or hand delivery) (Sarah 2012a). This convenience could even allow globalized scale of data collection. Survey approaches are also important and appropriate when numerous variables are involved (Fink 2002, p. 71). Precision and standardization of surveys is also an important element that results from the clear definition and standardization of questions that equally assess participants. Criteria of a good sample in surveys Survey sampling entails the careful selection of survey participants by defining the inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as sample size (Sarah 2012c). Sampling is a critical phase in surveys because it determines the validity and reliability of the overall study. In order to be confident that the survey findings are truly representative of the target population, it is critical to ensure that the sample size is large enough and its components undergo random selection. In order to obtain a good sample a clearly defined criterion for the participants should be set so as to acquire a sa mple from which participants can offer reliable information for the assessment of the phenomenon of interest (Sarah 2012a). For example, in order to assess satisfaction in healthcare delivery, it would be appropriate to sample from the patient population rather than the medical practitioners’ population. Sampling the appropriate target population ensures the sample obtained is good for research. Randomness should also be enhanced so as to improve representativeness, which ensures the sample

Therapeutic Approaches Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Therapeutic Approaches Paper - Assignment Example The therapeutic relationship was established so as to create a means by which the health professions and the respective patient come get into a one on one conversation so as to archive effective beneficial changes to the respective patient (Bowie 1996). Therapeutic approach communications are mostly applicable in mental health centers and it is conducted by mental professionals who have a common purpose of solving emotional conflicts that that happen through the mind of the respective patients. Therapeutic relationship assurers the patients at hand of enough security in the information they give to the healthcare professionals. This enhances them to open up and give the accurate information about what is making them to have the emotional conflicts and thus getting the appropriate treatment. Therapeutic relationship was established after some major researches were conducted and it was scientifically proved that it really aided the health care professionals to foresee the appropriate d iagnosis and treatment that the patient required to cure the particular disease that he or she was suffering from (Gel so 1998). Rogers developed a therapeutic relationship model that was aimed at providing the respective patients with a chance of them understanding how their particular attitudes and feelings are being affected by their emotional conflicts and the appropriate treatment required to solve these problems is that the patients should achieve their full positive potential. Rogers discovered a number of conditions that that was essential to enhance effective changes to the client's personality. Some of these conditions include genuine of both the heath care therapist and the respective patient, professionalism of the health care therapist in his work, the patient openness to the healthcare therapist and many others. Rogers was focused on developing a therapeutic relationship model that will ensure that both the patients and the health care therapist were both involved in s olving the patient’s emotional conflicts (Gel so 1998). A health care professional is one who is able to put himself or herself in the shoes of the respective patient that they are attending and avoid any circumstances of being judgmental. The health care professionals should have a sympathetic and empathetic attitude towards their particular patients and this will enhance them to get familiar with the personality, feelings and so many other factors that relate to their patients. The health care professionals who conduct the therapeutic relationship posse’s very good communication skills which one of them is listening. An effective communication process occurs between two individuals. It is a two process and hence the two involved parties should give each other time to speak and listen (Forchuk, Westwel, and Hux 2000). The therapeutic health care professional has understood this communication skill and they are employing it professionally their day to day work. Every i ndividual desires to be heard as they speak in all circumstances and if by any chance the therapeutic health care professionals lack this special communicating skill then they end up not meeting the expectations of their patients (Steve 2000). Effective therapeutic communication also involves use nonverbal communication such

Infancy Through Adolescence Essay Example for Free

Infancy Through Adolescence Essay Changes in the home environment such as marital conflict, divorce and poor parenting can adversely affect family dynamics, and children especially, can develop both mental and physical health problems. Research finds a correlation between parental separation and the internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in children; this includes childhood sleep problems due to marital conflict. Children can help define and influence the dynamics of marital conflict. Studies show that in early childhood, parent-child relationships are critical to a child’s healthy development especially the mother-child relations and maternal depression can cause poor parenting leading to emotional and behavioral problems. Child maltreatment is associated with alterations in stress physiology, increased risk for emotional and behavioral issues and increased risk for mental health issues in adolescence. Positive and supportive co-parenting can buffer against the negative effects of marital conflict and divorce especially in low-income and at-risk families. Successful co-parenting relationships can positively affect a child’s socio-emotional development and mental health. Family dynamics and changes in the home will affect the development and well-being of a child throughout infancy or adolescence. Home environments which are dysfunctional in nature, experiencing marital conflict, and separation/divorce or poor-parenting can cause problems within a child’s development including mental and physical issues. Some children will internalize their problems and suffer from anxiety and depression. Others will outwardly externalize their behaviors through aggression and conduct problems; preteens are especially at risk for antisocial behavior (Taylor, Purswell, Lindo, Jayne, Fernando, 2011; Sentse, Ormel, Veenstra, Verhulst, Oldehinkel, 2011). In the Barry Kochanska (2011, p. 237) study, they point out that dysfunctional parenting, parental depressive symptoms and marital conflict are associated with childhood adjustment and development. Consistently, studies show that marital problems adversely affect child development and adjustment. As Rhoades, Leve, Harold, Neiderhiser, Shaw Reiss (2011) state â€Å"the association between marital hostility and child adjustment is clearly established† and â€Å"pathways from marital hostility to child adjustment have been well studied, research[ed] to date† (p. 282). And Teti Cole (2011) further add that â€Å"faulty parenting is frequently cited as a major causal factor in the development of child psychopathology† (p. 25). Emotions and Family Dynamics In Barry and Kochanska (2010) study, the authors look at family emotional well-being, the critical nature of the parent-child relationship and how this impacts a child’s development. Emotions are given and received through individuals and family relationships are shaped by them; family dynamics are influenced and develop from these relational emotions. The emotional affects are multi-dimension and reach all family members reciprocally. One approach known as transactional family dynamics looks at mutual influence processes between all family members (Schermerhorn, Chow Cummings, 2010, p. 869). Although few studies have been conducted, the transactional family dynamic modal theorizes that if there are marital problems and conflict, the focus is not exclusively on the husband and wife’s problems, but how the family children also influence the marital relationship’s conflict. In one rare study, it was found that â€Å"in families with high levels of marital conflict, child externalizing problems predicted increases in marital conflict† (Schermerhorn et al. , 2010, p. 869); thus supporting the reciprocal nature in families. In support of other research, results from Schermerhorn, et al. (2010) study found that if a child is negative then it is associated with less marital positivity (p. 878). Within family subsystems, the marital relationship and the parent-child relationships are directly influenced by individual emotions and their interactions with one another. Some of these familial emotional interactions, reactions and feelings are healthy, but most are not when there is marital conflict; these unhealthy emotions create a variety of outcomes for a child’s development. Barry and Kochanska (2010) states, â€Å"In families, emotions profoundly influence mental health of the individuals, including sense of security, coping, personal growth, competence, adjustment, behavior problems, and psychopathology, including recovery and relapse† (p. 237). The emotional development, security and socialization of a child are directly related to the emotional exchange between the parent and child relationship; in fact, Barry and Kockanska (2010) find that it is a critical dimension especially during the early childhood years (p. 238). Since emotional healthiness is critical to healthy family relationships then unhealthy emotional states can be detrimental to a developing child causing attachment issues and possible psychopathology as they develop into adulthood. Parents’ emotional reactions to children’s emotions have important consequences for social and emotional development, including children’s psycho-physiological regulation, coping, emotional understanding, and friendship quality (Barry Kockanska, 2010, p. 237). Home Environments and Child Development Some of the variables which cause changes in the family’s home environment and affect child development are marital conflict, divorce and poor parenting; these changes can be more negatively influential in lower-income environments. Family is one of the major components in human development; therefore, childhood development is greatly influenced by the health of the family unit and home environment. Studies have shown that marital conflict in the family will increase the risk of adjustment problems in children; additionally, marital conflicts can lead to negative parenting, such as inconsistent discipline or disengagement, putting the parent-child relationship at risk and further adding to the risk of child maladjustment (El-Sheikh Whitson, 2006, p. 30; Peris, Goeke-Morey, Cummings, Emery (2008), p. 633). Peris et al. 2008) finds that â€Å"marital conflict is linked to a host of ineffective parenting practices, ranging from the use of inconsistent discipline to diminished displays of warmth and responsivity in the parent-child relationship† (p. 633). Another area of concern in families with marital conflict is parentification of children in which the child takes on a parental role by providing emotional support for the parent; it is a reversed role where the child takes care of the parent. In the Peris et al. study, the authors look at how parentification responsibilities can be very stressful and taxing for a middle adolescent hich can cause, as previous research shows, shame, guilt, poor academic performance, increased adulthood depression and anxiety, and difficult peer relationships of which girls are at a greater risk than boys. (Peris et al. , p. 634). Peris et al. also points out that in childhood, parentification is associated with externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and poor social adjustment; additionally, poor parenting practice such as psychological control where a parent will use guilt to control their child’s behavior and maintain closeness will put children and adolescence at greater risk to maladjust ment and behavioral problems. Additional findings from Peris et al. study show that youth and their parents perceive the parentification dynamic differently. Youth perceive the relationship as low in warmth and support but the parent perceives it as warm and close; the study also concluded that the youth study group demonstrated internalizing and externalizing behaviors (p. 638) which is consistent with their hypothesis, other empirical studies and literature topics on parentification. Children from homes with higher levels of conflict have more adjustment problems than children from less conflictual homes especially with prolonged marital conflict (El-Sheikh Whitson, 2006, p. 30). Marital conflict affects girls more than boys in which they have greater internalizing symptoms. El-Sheikh Whitson (2006) explain that girls are subject to greater socialization pressures and communion especially during late childhood and adolescence; this socialization process is opposite of a boy who is pushed socially to be more independent. Girls may also be more emotionally involved in the marital arguments and boys avoid the conflict by claiming their independence (p. 37). Nonetheless, marital conflict has lasting affects for both boys and girls which affects childhood, adolescence and into adulthood. Social development is at risk in children who are from homes with marital conflict, divorce or poor parenting. Booth-LaForce Oxford (2008) report that an unsupportive parental environment such as found in stressful environments like single-parent homes and/or low income can cause insensitive parenting which can lead to socially withdrawn behavior in children; (p. 299) many of these children who are socially withdrawn display â€Å"social-cognitive deficits and unskilled behavior, their self-perceptions are negative, they are more likely to be rejected and victimized by peers, and experience loneliness and depression† (p. 1298). Social learning theorists argue â€Å"that marital disruption may lead children to le arn angry, coercive, hostile, and even physically aggressive approaches to interpersonal problem solving† (Gattis, Simpson, Christensen, 2008, p. 833). Another area of concern in childhood development within stressful home environments is the increase risk for stress-related physical illnesses. In a study by Fabricius Luecken (2007) they report that â€Å"high family conflict, abuse, parental psychopathology, and divorce can serve to establish enduring dysregulations in the child’s physiological stress responses, promoting pathophysiology in the brain and body† (p. 195). Another area of concern is sleep deprivation. Marital conflict is related to disruption in a child’s sleep; sleep problems in children can be related to internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors. Additionally, children with sleep problems can also reciprocally influence the conflict between the parents. As Kelly El-Sheikh (2011) point out â€Å"marital conflict and child sleep problems may be reciprocal and cyclical: exposure to marital conflict may lead to children’s sleep disruptions, which in turn may lead to increased marital conflict† (p. 413). Studies have also found that sleep problems in children can lead to aggressive behaviors (Kelly El-Sheikh, 2011, p. 413). Separation, Post-Separation and Divorce Taylor, Purswell, Lindo, Jayne, Fernando (2011) report that children from divorced families are at a higher risk for emotional and behavioral problems including antisocial behavior, disruptive conduct, delinquency, aggression, anxiety, depression, feelings of loneliness and abandonment, emotional maladjustment and academic problems (p. 124-125). A new family structure is stressful for all family members with each affecting the other. Higher levels of parental stress cause changes in the parent-child relationship putting it at risk. Lack of communication, conflict, hostility, stressors related to the divorce and the new family dynamics cause frustration and anger among the members. High rates of divorce continually influence the numerous studies conducted which look at their affects of divorce on childhood development. According to Sentse et al. (2011) â€Å"10-25% of children that experience a parental separation grow up to have more emotional and psychological problems† (p. 98). These problems can stem from the broken family, previous marital conflict, loss of support from family and friends, economic disadvantage and parenting problems. In the current study by Sentse et al. , the researchers found parental separation’s main affect on developing children was externalizing problems; although for some children the separation brought relief from all the marital conflicts. The study also found adolescences that were more temperamentally fearful had increased levels of internalizing behaviors; some of the side effects of the fearful individual who experiences parental separation include withdrawal, ignored by peers, anxious or depressive feelings – resulting in a cycle of negative symptoms which could result in mental health problems (p. 03). Depressive symptoms can stem from marital conflict and divorce; cyclically, marital conflict and divorce can cause depressive symptoms. Mothers are particularly prone to depressive symptoms and clinical depression during highly stressful events in their lives such as marital conflict, separation or divorce. Mothers who are depressed are likely to be less supportive and nurturing with their children and they are usually negative and critical which can lead to developmental problems such as internalizing and externalizing problems in their children (Connell, Hughes-Scalise, Klostermann Azem, 2011, p. 53). Mothers with depression have â€Å"higher rates of irritability and aggression, which in turn may induce distress, anger and behavior problems in children† (Deboeck, Farris, Boker, Borkowski, 2011, p. 1312). Deboeck et al. (2011) also finds that a mother’s psychosocial health can directly affect the development of a child; and, children of depressed mothers have difficulty regulating affect, have increased hyperactivity and attention deficits (p. 1313). Several studies have looked at maternal depressive symptoms and found a link between the mother’s criticizing, hostile parenting causing externalizing behaviors in adolescents; additionally, adolescents with depressed mothers were more likely to become depressed when they [adolescent] are faced with family conflict and discord (Allen Manning, 2010, p. 833). Single motherhood is more stressful on both the mother and the children; single mothers are more likely to be depressed than married mothers. Compared to single mothers, married mothers have better mental health (Afifi, T. O. , Cox, B. J. Enns, M. W. , 2006, p. 122). There are at least 9. 5 million families in American in which single mothers are head of the household (Afifi et al. 2006). Parenting stress is unusually high in single-mother homes and mothers have â€Å"greater financial difficulties, social isolation, and childcare responsibilities† compared to mothers who are married (Afifi et al. Taylor, Purswell, Lindo, Jayne, Fernando, 2011). Past research has found identified stressors which negatively affect the psychological well-being of single mothers; they are, low income, low education, family size, and ethnicity (Afifi et al. . 126). The results of Afifi et al. study found that psychiatric disorders in married mothers is lowest, with a slight increase in never married mothers, and the greatest increase was found in separated/divorced mothers; however, previous research found that women going through a separation or divorce had higher rates of poor mental health before the separation/divorce and after (Afifi et al. p. 127). Afifi et al. found that separated/divorced mothers had high levels of depression, dysthymia, GAD, alcohol abuse, PTSD, drug abuse, agoraphobia and antisocial personality disorder. Co-Parenting, Healthy Family Relationships, and Positive Outcomes Although marital conflict, separation/divorce, and poor parenting can adversely affect the home environment and negatively influence the development of children, there are positive factors which counter these adverse affects. Co-parenting is one of those factors. Co-parenting is associated with parents who mutually and cooperatively parent and raise their child together as a team. Although most of the research on co-parenting has been done on married couples and fathers, some does exist on co-parenting after the marital relationship has dissolved. Co-parenting can exist in families with marital conflict as part of a solution to positive parenting even in the midst of chaos and conflict. Positive co-parenting can buffer a child against the negative effects of marital conflict and divorce. There is increasing â€Å"evidence [which] indicates that successful co-parenting relationships are beneficial for children’s socio-emotional development† (Dush, Kotila, Schoppe-Sullivan, 2011, p. 356). Other studies have found that co-parenting affects children positively by decreasing both internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Isacco, Garfield, Rogers, 2010, p. 262). Healthy co-parenting relationships between separated or divorced couples can significantly improve the relationship between the non-residential father and the child; it could also help improve the relationship between the mother and father by reducing conflict. Many divorced fathers are less involved with their children and co-parenting because of the relational conflict with the divorced mother. Dush et al. (2011) states the key ingredients for co-parenting includes joint investment in the child, valuing the importance of each parent, respecting the other’s judgment, and ongoing, open communication (p. 357). A key factor for increasing healthy family relations and positive outcomes for children in families with marital conflict or divorce is active, supportive father involvement. As Dush et al. points out, â€Å"cooperative co-parenting relationships may be key to fostering positive nonresidential father involvement and lower levels of inter-parental conflict which have been linked to children’s behavioral outcomes, academic achievement, and psychological well-being† (p. 356). Another key component which fosters positive outcomes for children is father-child communication which has shown to decrease externalizing behaviors; (Afifi et al. 2006) additionally, open communication within the parent-child relationship where the child feels comfortable talking with their parents about the divorce has shown that children cope better (Taylor et al. , 2011). â€Å"A strong parent– child relationship can help ameliorate many of these [divorce] difficulties† (Taylor et al. 2011. p. 125). Family therapy is another positive component which can buffer the affects of marital conflict and divorce. Therapy can provide support for family members, teach problem-solving skills, communications training, conflict management and resolution.

Self-Assessment and Reflection Essay -- Personal Writing Essays Papers

Self-Assessment and Reflection   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the last seven weeks, I had an opportunity to look back and analyze the events that has shaped my life. This was a unique experience where I was emotionally comfortable enough to look back at life. I was able to objectively revisit many events that were often buried and too painful to face. I was free from the turmoil of emotional fears of failure, anger, regret and loneliness, which often clouded my perception. . I was able to dwell on many pleasant and unpleasant events with more comfort and confidence. I accepted each event as part of life, regardless of whether it was a good or bad experience. I understand that life transpires even when we are not prepared for it, but more importantly, it is how we deal with circumstances that keep us going forward. For the first time, there was clarity and I became aware of two main points one was my life changing/challenging experience and the second was my financial growth. My life has been a journey filled with challenging experience, which consist of some unfixable actions, like leaving home. I grew up in an authoritarian, religious environment where personal expression and freedom did not exist. Since I could remember, there was a constant pressure for me to conform into Indian Christian society. Over the years the burden of not being able to convey my feelings and endless demands grew to hatred and retaliation toward my parents. The day after my high school graduation, without lett...

Discursive Essay Essay

Discursive Essay It is argued nowadays on whether teenagers, who go to school, should be wearing a uniform. There are many advantages but also some disadvantages, such as : All the students wearing the same uniform , which can take the stress off looking better than other students as they are wearing similar attire, and also having a uniform can make a person look smart and respectable, but on the other hand, students can feel that their uniforms are too boring and doesn’t show their personailty or their style well enough, and that for certain schools, uniforms can be expensive, especially if it is a larger family they are being bought for. An advantage of uniforms would be that, all the students are wearing similar clothing, so no-one will feel as if they don’t look good enough or that they have to impress anyone. Students would probably feel this way if it were a non-uniform school, and would be under stress trying to buy new clothes every week or month to impress their classmates. So having a uniform is beneficial to certain people as they may not be as well off as other and won’t be able to afford new clothes all the time. I think this is a very strong point as i agree that students wouldn’t feel pressured to impress their friends with new clothes, and that their parents would save a fortune with a uniform as uniforms only have to be renewed every month or so. Another advantage of uniforms would be that they look smart and respectable, which can give the impression that the student goes to a great school, and that he/she is quite intelligent. Furthermore, some schools that don’t have a dress code, their pupils look casual and it doesn’t look like they even go to school. In addition to that, when schools have a non-uniform day, it can be more exciting because its a day where they can show off their non-school clothes. I strongly agree with this point because students do look more sensible in a uniform rather than casual attire, and i also agree that, when schools do have a non-uniform day, they want to look nice and show off their designer clothes, where as, at a school which has no dress code, they have probably already worn their designer clothes to school, so they would resort to buying even more clothes to impress, which will cost a fortune. Which brings me to my next and final point on the advantages of having a uniform, The cost. Some private schools uniforms may cost considerably more but would you rather pay for a full uniform at a dear price, or buy new clothes every week or two for around the same price range, or more? Most public school uniforms don’t cost an incredible amount, and only have to be renewed after a month or two. I do agree with this point as it is true about having to buy new clothes all the time would cost an awful lot, and that you could buy a full uniform for around the same price. Uniforms may be good in some ways, but some students strongly dislike them for multiple reasons. One disadvantage of uniforms would be the image. The first though that comes into a students head when they see a uniform is that, they look boring, and the reason for this is understandable as uniforms usually consist of one, two, or maybe even three colours, but these colours are usually neutral, boring colours that aren’t very eye catching. But you never really see a uniform that has colours like bright yellow or even multiple colours that would definately make you stand out from the crowd. I do agree with this point very much as uniforms can be extremely dull and boring looking, and wearing a uniform that has colours such as brown or black would probably make you feel quite depressed and unhappy, and i also think that there should be much more colourful uniforms that stand out more. Another disadvantage of uniforms would be the type of clothings schools make you wear, such as skirts. Skirts at any length can make any girl feel uncomfortable, no matter how big or small the girls are. The reason for this is because they may have to show their legs, by wearing knee-high socks, or even wearing tights can be uncomfortable for them as their not used to wearing skirts. In addition to that, when it gets into the winter period, some girls are still forced to wear skirts, even when the temperatures are below 0’C I strongly agree with this, as girls should be aloud to choose whether they wish to wear trousers or a skirt, and i also believe that it is wrong to force girls to wear skirts in the winter period, as they will be freezing going to school. My final disadvantage of uniforms would be that they can hide a students personality, their style, and who they really are, and this really irritates students if the teachers are too strict and will not allow simple jewellery, accessories or extra clothing. I strongly agree with this statement as its true that students should be able to show how unique they are and show their personalities through the way that they dress. Even if its a few extra peircings or a bright hair dye, students should be able to do so as trying different things and styles is part of growing up. Having a uniform prevents this. In conclusion, i believe students should be able to wear whatever they wish to school, and not have to wear a uniform. I say this because uniforms are extremeley boring and depressing if they consist of one, dark, dull colour. And i agree that if the school is very strict about what the students are wearing to school, it can hide the students personality or how unique they are.

HIPAA, CIA & Safeguards Essay

First enforcement action resulting from HITECH Breach Notification Rule Blue Cross Blue Shield of Tennessee (BCBST) has agreed to pay the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) $1,500,000 to settle potential violations of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) Privacy and Security Rules, Leon Rodriguez, Director of the HHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR), announced today. BCBST has also agreed to a corrective action plan to address gaps in its HIPAA compliance program. The enforcement action is the first resulting from a breach report required by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act Breach Notification Rule. The investigation followed a notice submitted by BCBST to HHS reporting that 57 unencrypted computer hard drives were stolen from a leased facility in Tennessee. The drives contained the protected health information (PHI) of over 1 million individuals, including member names, social security num bers, diagnosis codes, dates of birth, and health plan identification numbers. OCR’s investigation indicated BCBST failed to implement appropriate administrative safeguards to adequately protect information remaining at the leased facility by not performing the required security evaluation in response to operational changes. In addition, the investigation showed a failure to implement appropriate physical safeguards by not having adequate facility access controls; both of these safeguards are required by the HIPAA Security Rule. â€Å"This settlement sends an important message that OCR expects health plans and health care providers to have in place a carefully designed, delivered, and monitored HIPAA compliance program,† said OCR Director Leon Rodriguez. â€Å"The HITECH Breach Notification Rule is an important enforcement tool and OCR will continue to vigorously protect patients’ right to private and secure health information.† In addition to the $1,500,000 settlement, the agreement requires BCBST to review, revise, and maintain its Privacy and Security policies and procedures, to conduct regular and robust trainings for all BCBST employees covering employee responsibilities under HIPAA, and to perform monitor reviews to ensure BCBST compliance with the corrective action plan. HHS  Office for Civil Rights enforces the HIPAA Privacy and Security Rules. The HIPAA Privacy Rule gives individuals rights over their protected health information and sets rules and limits on who can look at an d receive that health information. The HIPAA Security Rule protects health information in electronic form by requiring entities covered by HIPAA to use physical, technical, and administrative safeguards to ensure that electronic protected health information remains private and secure. The HITECH Breach Notification Rule requires covered entities to report an impermissible use or disclosure of protected health information, or a â€Å"breach,† of 500 individuals or more to HHS and the media. Smaller breaches affecting less than 500 individuals must be reported to the secretary on an annual basis. Individuals who believe that a covered entity has violated their (or someone else’s) health information privacy rights or committed another violation of the HIPAA Privacy or Security Rule may file a complaint with OCR at: http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/complaints/index.html. The HHS Resolution Agreement can be found at http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/enforcement/examp les/ resolution_agreement_and_cap.pdf. Additional information about OCR’s enforcement activities can be found at http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/enforcement/examples/index.html.

Dissertation Topics

Dissertation Topics Dissertation Topics Useful Dissertation Topics IdeasWhat is the main reason of your having not started to write your dissertation yet? Well, the point is clear, you just cannot choose among lots of dissertation topics and failed to invent your own, original one. Perhaps the dissertation topics you provided to your tutor were rejected. The reasons for this could be the following:The dissertation topics you provided were not original. It does not mean, of course, that you were going to present somebodys ideas as your own, but it is clear that somebody has already investigated the topics that you might like. Your supervisor might not like the dissertation topics provided by you because he or she does not find them interesting or his\her knowledge in the field you chose is not deep enough.Your dissertation topics are original, but do not present genuine interest. It means, the results of the investigation, presented in your dissertation, should be potentially useful in the field of science you work in. The dissertation topics you presented are not manageable in the time available. Remember, the narrower the topic you choose the better. The dissertation topic, appealing to you, is new, interesting and original, but you will not be able to find the necessary number of books, journals etc to write your dissertation on it, i.e. you do not have enough of material.So, the search for an interesting, original topic is something like a treasure hunt. You can come across it during your lessons and seminars or while preparing you assignments and then develop and follow it up through numerous books, journals, reports etc. When, finally, you are sure that you have produced that very topic that really appeals to you, and you will be able to write the dissertation on it within the available period of time, try and write some dissertation topics more. These topics may overlap with the one that you have personally decided on, but keep in mind that your supervisors opinion may be a little bit different from yours. In this case it would be good to have some 3-5 topics to choose from. Remember, that your supervisor has helped many students through their dissertations, and he will be your guide through all the difficulties that may arise during your work. And, though your decision on the dissertation topic will be decisive, your tutor will give you some useful piece of advice and will surely help you when needed.

Where in the World Classroom Icebreaker

'Where in the World' Classroom Icebreaker Technology and transportation in the modern world have given us the opportunity to learn so much more, often first hand, about the rest of the world. If you haven’t had the privilege of global traveling, you may have experienced the thrill of conversing with foreigners online or working side-by-side with them in your industry. The world becomes a smaller place the more we get to know each other. When you have a gathering of people from various countries, this icebreaker is a breeze, but it’s also fun when participants are all from the same place and know each other well. Everyone is capable of dreams that cross borders. To make this icebreaker kinetic, require that one of the three clues be a physical motion. For example, skiing, golfing, painting, fishing, etc. Basic information about the Where in the World Icebreaker: Ideal Size: Up to 30. Divide larger groups.Use For: Introductions in the classroom or at a meeting, especially when you have an international group of participants or an international topic to discuss.Time Needed: 30 minutes, depending on the size of the group. Instructions Give people a minute or two to think of three clues that describe, but don’t give away, either the country they are from (if different from the one you’re in) or their favorite foreign place they have visited or dream of visiting. When ready, each person gives their name and their three clues, and the rest of the group guesses where in the world they are describing. Give each person a minute or two to explain what they like best about their favorite place in the world. Start with yourself so they have an example. If you want students on their feet and moving, require that one clue be a physical motion like swimming, hiking, golfing, etc. This clue may include verbal help or not. You choose. For example: Hi, my name is Deb. One of my favorite places in the world is tropical, has a beautiful body of water you can climb, and is near a popular cruise port (I am physically imitating climbing). After guessing is finished: One of my favorite places in the world is Dunn’s River Falls near Ocho Rios, Jamaica. We stopped there on a Caribbean cruise and had the marvelous opportunity of climbing the falls. You start at sea level and can climb 600 feet gradually up the river, swimming in pools, standing under small falls, sliding down smooth rocks. It’s a beautiful and fantastic experience. Debriefing Your Students Debrief by asking for reactions from the group and asking if anybody has a question for another participant. You will have listened carefully to the introductions. If somebody has chosen a place related to your topic, use that place as a transition to your first lecture or activity.

UN Sanction within Iraq post-gulf storm war, how they affected the Research Proposal

UN Sanction within Iraq post-gulf storm war, how they affected the people and how they provided perhaps breeding ground for terrorist ideology - Research Proposal Example The period in the history of Kuwait in which the country was a part of Basra’s Ottoman ‘vilayet’ was also being followed by the gulf war of 1990/ 1991. A series of political events led to the stage of the war that was fought between the contrived coalition forces of the United States of America and the military troops of the then ruling leader Saddam Hussein. The frontiers of the countries of Kuwait, Saudi Arab and Iraq were decided in the conference of Uqair in the year 1922 by the then high commissioner of the British controlled Indian Army, Sir Percy Cox, for the city of Mesopotamia. The commissioner resolved the constituents of the frontiers of the country, cutting through different series of ridiculous claims and arguments that seemed to be almost impossible for the period. This event was one of the contributors to prepare the stage for the Gulf war. Finally in the year 1930 the high commissioner of the British army in Baghdad passed the judgment of the encouragement of the absorption of Kuwait into the geographical boundary of Iraq gradually by the government of Britain. According to the British government and their representatives the sacrifice of a small and expandable state of Kuwait would not be a huge concern if there had been an existing demand by the struggle of powers of the then period. Kuwait depicted as an ‘oil well’ was being maintained by the United Nations serving as the proxy for the western world. The colonialism policy of the British government along with the imperialism strategy of the United States of America proved to be economic, provided the accommodation were mutually congenial for both, and for the protection of the hegemony of the western world in the fulfillment of the interest of democratic freedom over the natur al oil reserve of the Gulf countries. They were being buttressed by the feudalistic policies of the other regional countries. Previously the government of the United States of America was indifferent regarding Iraq’s conflict with Kuwait, evidence from the period of late nineties or the period of the beginning of the year 1991 showed the strategies of the American government were in favor of war against Iraq. The United States of America provided a positive signal to Iraq, for the invasion of Kuwait by the later. However they emphasized on the lack of commitment from their part in the supply of troops to back the invasion of Kuwait. There were quick moves on the part of the government of United States on the economical, military and political fronts during the period of the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq though no serious opposition was provided by United States on the country’s invasion. The result was too threatening for the government of Iraq. Saddam Hussein was named t he ‘new Hitler’ and ridiculed in Britain, apart from the United States and elsewhere. This led to the introduction of economic sanctions that were comprehensive under the auspices of the United Nations. (Simons, 1–3: Schmid, 3) This invasion of Kuwait by Iraq resulted in the providence of a sanction by the Security Council of United Nations, which imposed tremendous impact on the economy of the country and more devastatingly on the lives of the countrymen.   United Nation Sanction on Iraq   During the period of the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq under the governmental leadership of Saddam Hussein the sanctions were mainly applied by the United Nations to pressurize the government of Iraq, which would act as an indirect force to make them leave. The sanctions mainly and predominantly focused on